Comment 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Remark 3 - Assignment Example The work focuses on ideas that administer suitable information assortment. It can likewise be seen that the creator has demonstrated the two principle sorts of research as either subjective or quantitative. The steady realities used to fortify the perspective of the creator in regard of utilizing powerful correspondence in information assortment are persuading. This is in regard of the regular information that oral meeting or polls will in general be effective on sound relational abilities and legitimate structure. Perception as a technique for information assortment has likewise been given huge concentration with respect to the requirement for absolute inclusion by the specialist (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, 2012). Appropriation of a specific procedure on decision of strategy for information assortment and investigation serves to evaluate test populace and match the target of the examination. The progression of thoughts from presentation on information assortment, technique and end that handles theory reveals a lot of insight into explore strategies to a layman. This makes this work stand apart is illustrative of the broadly utilized research study

Legal and Ethical Issues Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lawful and Ethical Issues - Case Study Example The guardians asserted that the guilty party was at first kept by the neighborhood police, anyway once the offender professed to be sensibly, the offender was discharged, the clinician additionally utilized his impact to keep the Poddar from any future capture, and made a solicitation to the police office to abstain from taking any harsh measures against Poddar. Lawfully, if the therapist knew about the slaughtering, as asserted by the guardians of Tatiana, at that point clinician has disregarded the laws by supporting the killer and giving help to the crook. It was seen that 'the better court continued respondents' challenges than offended parties' second revised objections without leave to change'. According to the dissent of the guardians on the legitimate grounds forced obligation on the litigants on two unique grounds for example the disappointment with respect to the therapists to advise and caution the investigators about the peril when its event, it is right to relate that th e analyst legitimately under any law has no defense for concealing reality and common risk from the guardians, police and courts, in this way according to law the clinician has substantiated himself wrong through his activities which are infringement of law, shockingly the litigants sent and legitimized their activities in lieu with the California Tort Claims Act of 1963, as per which the respondents were under no impulse to give care and worries to Tatiana (Lawrence, 2002). The guardians of Tatiana considered the therapist mindful under Lanterman-Petris-Short Act. Legitimately it has been seen that the clinician has performed such activity which is negating to the directives of the laws, 'respondent advisors can't get away from obligation simply in light of the fact that Tatiana herself was not their patient', and along these lines the reference gave by the litigants isn't sound and non-illustrative. Legitimately an expert is under impulse to caution and educate people in general a nd police from any normal criminal course of their patient, along these lines it was the lawful duty of the clinician to alert the examiners, 'when a specialist has seen that his patient has uncovered a genuine risk of brutality to another, the analyst is at risk to brings about a commitment to utilize sensible consideration to secure the expected casualty against such threat' (Lawrence, 2002). According to law and lawful viewpoints the specialist will undoubtedly take diverse careful steps to dodge such wrongdoing from event, which for this situation the analyst neglected to perform and execute. The disappointment for the benefit of the clinician to educate the police, the court, and college organization and the guardians has set the therapist under serious examination for his inability to comply with the laws and guidelines. In spite of the fact that the clinician informed the police at the later second, anyway his activities were insufficient to keep the wrongdoing from event, wh ich could have been maintained a strategic distance from on the grounds that the analyst knew about the methodology and emotions that were created by Poddar towards Tatiana. The investigator accused the analyst, and charged him for his disappointment and hesitance to share reality at introductory

How Transfer Pricing Works

How Transfer Pricing Works The business world is becoming increasingly global and multinational companies are the norm today. In fact, large, multinational corporations are becoming so common that some suggest 60% of all international trade happens within multinational companies rather than between different multinational corporations. © Shutterstock.com | Katerina TernavskayaOne of the aspects closely related to multinational trading is transfer pricing. This guide will look at 1) what transfer pricing is all about, 2) how it has evolved and 3) how the transfer pricing works. The guide will also look at 4) rules and regulations surrounding transfer pricing and its issues with tax avoidance.WHAT IS TRANSFER PRICING?Transfer pricing can be quite a complex system to understand. Before we look at the system in action, it is a good idea to delve deeper into the definition of transfer pricing.Transfer price is essentially the price at which different parts of the company transact with each other. For example, this could include transactions such as trading supplies between departments. They are therefore used by multi-entity firms in situations where the firm’s individual units are treated as separate.The situation where units are treated as separate deals with units that are in charge of their own profit, or the ret urn on invested capital. If a multi-entity firm has units that are in charge of their own profits and these divisions transact with each other, a transfer price will be used.In general, transfer prices don’t differ much from the market price. This is because one of the units would always lose out if a different price were to be set. In the long term, this could affect the unit’s performance and therefore the overall financial health of the multi-entity company.The reason transfer prices shouldn’t differ too much from market price is down to the principle of arm’s length pricing. This is a system, which means the transfer price shouldn’t be too different to the current market price, i.e. it should be within reach.The below video is a more detailed look into the arm’s length principle: Basic issues underlying transfer pricingBecause the transfer price determines the income of the two parties involved in the cross-border transaction, the price also deals with the tax base o f the countries involved. This means that transfer pricing has three underlying issues to solve.These three issues are related to jurisdiction, allocation and valuation and below is a quick look at each point.Jurisdictional issuesCountries often try to avoid double taxation of corporate income, but transfer pricing makes this a bit trickier. Defining which country has the right to tax the transaction can be difficult and in some cases are used as a tax avoidance tool by the companies.Allocation issuesThe multi-national entities (MNEs) still share common resources and overheads; therefore, allocation of these resources is especially important. But efficient allocation is also a concern for countries in terms of taxation and there can be, again, huge differences in how to best solve this allocation dilemma in deciding transfer pricing.Valuation issuesFinally, the income and expenses regarding transfer pricing must be correctly valued, which is the key issue for most companies. Since t here aren’t too many international rules regarding corporate taxation, for example, the valuation becomes a tool companies sometimes use to exploit these differences.The evolution and history of transfer pricingThe first transfer pricing adjustments were used in the 1930s. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) together with the US had developed some guidelines by 1979 which many corporations began using.But the first proper regulations were published in 1995, when the OECD published its first transfer pricing principles. The guidelines have now been adopted by a majority of the member countries and other smaller nations use them as a starting point to their specific regulatory framework.While the OECD and United Nations guidelines have been accepted in principle in many parts of the world, their enforcement is not always easy. Countries with smaller and less developed economies are finding it especially hard to enforce some of the regulations.The organiz ations are therefore continuously trying to improve the guidelines and to improve the system. The European Council together with business experts, for instance, has continued to work on resolving some remaining issues relating to transfer pricing and ensuring a global set of regulations could be used.KEY METHODS USED TO CALCULATE A TRANSFER PRICEWhen it comes to setting a transfer price, companies can use a wide variety of different methods. The plethora of different calculation points reflects well some of the above difficulties underlying the current system.The main methods used to calculate a transfer price are as follows.Market rate transfer priceThis is the most straightforward method of calculating a transfer price. It is also often referred to as the most elegant method. It simply means the transfer price is the same to the current market price for the goods or service.Under this method, the upstream unit has two options for selling the goods or services, either by conducting the sale internally or externally. The profit for the unit will be the same under both methods.Adjusted market rate transfer priceIf the above method is unavailable, the adjusting market rate is often used to deriving the transfer price. This method simply includes some adjustment to current market price.For example, companies may choose to use a reduced price to ensure there is no risk of late payments. In most instances, this stills falls well within the arm’s length principle.Negotiated transfer pricingIn some instances, the different units negotiate a specific price, without considering the market price as a baseline. The price will be decided by the units and it can be significantly different to the market price.Companies choose to use this method if the market for the goods or service is very limited or the sold item is highly customized. Essentially, it often arises in situations where the market price is hard to calculate or is insufficient in terms of what is being sold. If the market price is non-existent, then analyzing the proper valuation with the arm’s length principle will be difficult.Contribution margin transfer priceIn certain instances, there might not be a set market price for the goods or services being sold. Companies then tend to use the contribution margin transfer price method, which means they calculate a market price alternative based on the unit’s contribution margin.Cost-plus transfer pricingAnother option in instances of no valid market price is to calculate the transfer price based on the cost of components. This method is especially useful if the sold item is a manufactured good.When calculating a cost-plus transfer pricing, most companies add a margin on the cost of the good by compiling the standard cost together with a standard profit margin. The resulting price is then used as the transfer price.Cost-based transfer pricingFinally, companies often sell the goods or service to the other unit by simply using the productio n cost as the price point. If the product or service is then sold further to a third party, the unit can add their own costs to the final price.Under this method, the company, which makes the final sale, receives the entire profit of the goods or service. This final method is often considered to be used for tax avoidance purposes. You can read more on the reasons in the coming section.An example of transfer price in actionTo fully understand how transfer pricing works, it is a good idea to see it in action through an example.Consider there is a company called A, which creates batteries for a variety of different uses. Company A is purchased by company C. C also owns a company B, which makes low-emission motorboats.Company B now wants to purchase batteries from company A. Since they share a parent company, but have separate profit systems, they need to use a transfer price for selling the goods.The companies can use any of the above methods to calculate the transfer price. If they wi sh to use the most straightforward method, they’d go with the current market price for the batteries.But it might be that company C wants to boost company B’s profits more, and asks them to negotiate a cost-based transfer pricing. Under this, B only has to pay for the cost A encounters manufacturing the products. B can then add its own costs to the price before it sells the batteries along with the motors.The problem with this method could be that A’s profits decline and the business might end up making a loss. Therefore, finding the right transfer price can be quite a balancing act.GLOBAL TRANSFER PRICING REGULATIONSAs mentioned briefly above, there aren’t yet any unified standards to how legislation deals with transfer price. Although there is a set of guidelines companies and countries follow, more work is required to truly unify the regulation and to ensure companies don’t take advantage of existing loopholes.Country specific rulesAll countries tend to have certain cou ntry-specific rules regarding transfer pricing. This is especially true when it comes to the key global economies such as the US and China.Country-specific transfer pricing rules are especially important to know for companies that operate around the world. You can find much more information at a country’s tax or trade authority.Here are some of the key points to note when it comes to the US and China. First, some of the main points from the US transfer pricing rules include:The US uses the principle of comparable profits method (CPM). Under the model, the transfer price’s validity is tested by comparing the unit’s overall results with another similar business, instead of simply focusing on the transaction.The US permits shared services agreements.The US considers the conduct of the parties more important than the contractual terms if the case is being reviewed.The tax authorities cannot adjust prices that are found to be within the arm’s length range in the US.Key points for China:China used the OECD guidelines until 2009, when it announced its own guidelines.The guidelines give specific information for the country’s tax administration on how to test transfer-pricing agreements.The rules apply to transactions between a Chinese business and either a domestic or foreign related unit. The related party must pass one of eight tests conducted to see the relation is close enough with the parties.The OECD specific transfer pricing rulesWhile the OECD guidelines are voluntary for each member nation, most countries have adopted them almost unchanged. There are some terminology changes in how countries might interpret some of the rules, but understanding the OECD rules can help understand most countries’ approach to transfer pricing.Here are some of the key things to understand from the OECD guidelines:The priority in the OECD guidelines is given to the transactional methods.The rules permit consideration of business strategies in coming up with transfer pri cing in instances of comparable transactions. These include: market penetration, expansion of market share, and cost of locations savings, for instance.The transactional net margin method is often used to compare the net profitability of a transaction.Contractual terms between parties are given a lot of value in the OECD guidelines.Tax authorities cannot generally adjust the prices if the arm’s length range is achieved.There are no specific documentation rules, as these are left to the individual countries to decide.EU specific transfer pricing rulesThe European Union has also created its own set of guidelines. The EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum provided a set of guidelines and suggestions for creating more unified rules across member states.Much of EU’s guidelines are similar to the OECD guidelines, but it also looks more in detail to how individual countries could unify taxation. The EU is still looking into transfer pricing and the systems to improve it.PROBLEM WITH TAX AVOI DANCEAs mentioned above, transfer pricing has often been accused of enabling the use of tax avoidance practices. Because companies are relatively free to negotiate the prices, they can often sell goods and services that might somehow distort the global competition, not to mention use the method for transferring income from one company to another in order to pay less tax.It is important to note transfer pricing itself is not illegal nor is it necessarily abusive. But illegalities and tax avoidance calls do arise when companies abuse transfer pricing, through a method known as transfer mispricing. This means that companies knowingly manipulate the transfer price, often to avoid tax.There are no clear figures as to how much countries lose on tax revenues due to transfer mispricing. According to a Christian Aid report from 2009, the trade mispricing into the EU and the US from non-EU countries stood at $1.1 trillion from 2005 to 2007.An example of transfer mispricingTo better understand what accounts transfer mispricing, below is an example of a very common situation.Company A provides harvested goods in Africa to sell in the US. Company A also has three different subsidiaries, which are located in different countries: company B in Africa, company C in a tax haven, and company D in the US.Company B sells the products it produces in Africa to company C at an artificially low price. This means company B’s tax bill is artificially low, as it hardly makes a profit.On the other hand, company C sells the product forward to company D at a very high price. Since it doesn’t need to pay corporation tax, it can generate as much profit as possible.Finally, the company D sells the product in the US almost at the retail price, meaning its profits also remain low. This means the US tax authority also loses out, as the profits of the company D are kept low.The arm’s length principleTo counter the above situation, countries often use the arm’s length principle to see wheth er companies are transfer mispricing. This is endorsed by both the OECD guidelines and the United Nations Tax Committee’s guidelines. It’s also often used in bilateral trade agreements between countries.The problem is the principle isn’t always easy to implement. This is because figuring out the correct market price can be impossible or extremely difficult. As the different calculation methods highlighted, there are situations where the goods or products being sold don’t have a proper market price due to their nature.To encounter the limitations of arm’s length principle, many experts have suggested a method called Unitary Taxation. Under this principle, the economic substance of a multinational company and its transactions would be prioritized instead of the legal form in which the company organizes itself and its transactions. This would essentially mean the company is taxed on a unitary basis, instead of allowing the shifting of profits. There are also other ideas to en counter the issues, such as the Country by Country reporting system.CONCLUSIONTransfer pricing is one of the most important aspects a multinational business needs to know about. It is a crucial part of taxation strategies, not just for the company but also for the country it operates in.While the principle of transfer pricing doesn’t mean companies should abuse its opportunities, there are clear problems that need to be resolved as multinational trade within corporations increases. Nonetheless, transfer pricing offers companies different options for maximizing their incomes and benefitting from mutual trade.

Fastest Growing Sport in America Lacrosse - 792 Words

The fastest growing sport in America is lacrosse, and in order to play lacrosse, it is important to first understand the physics of the game. Lacrosse players around the world use physics while playing without even thinking about it. With no knowledge of physics, it would be pretty difficult to master the fastest game on two feet. One of the worlds greatest scientist, Isaac Newton, established three laws dealing with physics, and using these laws will make it possible for a lacrosse player to understand what he or she needs to do in order to throw a ball. Newtons first law deals with inertia, his second law deals with the relationship between mass, acceleration and force, and his third law deals with opposite reactions. When talking about lacrosse, it is essential to cover Newton’s first law, his second law, and his third law in order to understand the physics behind throwing a lacrosse ball. . Lacrosse can be a very simple game, as long as you know the physics behind throwing a ball. We first see Newton’s laws in action when we look closer at throwing and catching. Newtons first law states that â€Å"an object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force.† (Cutnell 88) In terms of lacrosse, the object in motion is the ball and the outside force is the air resistance, gravity, or an opposing players stick stopping the ball. A ball, when thrown to a teammate, is stopped by their stick. If the players stick did not catch or stop the ball, the ballShow MoreRelatedA Letter To Associated Students Of Western Oregon University1216 Words   |  5 Pagescreated and sources designed for school-sponsored athletics, i.e. the sports action lottery. But because they have not always had the best record, they do not always get the best athletes. Athletes are going to choose a school based on location, majors, scholarships and most importantly rec ord, not on the size of the budget. 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Australia was the 7th fastest global growth market from 1995 to 2006. b. Discuss any market trends or developments Enjoying a glass of wine after a long workday or while eating dinner often proves irresistible to many: consumers in the U.S. now comprise the biggest chunkRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Bud Light3687 Words   |  15 Pagessales cover about 80% of the market. Though, for the first time in history the sales of Bud Light has dropped 2,5% in 2009. Anheuser-Busch has expanded their brand and product to Europe, Latin America and Asia. Especially, the Chinese market is very interesting to Anheuser-Busch. It has the fastest-growing and largest beer market by volume. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis provides useful information which is helpful to company in order to operate with its competitive environment. This is a basic

Human Cloning the Negative Effects on Society - 1587 Words

Human Cloning: The Negative Effects on Society Human cloning is possible but also dangerous to society. One day during an assembly in March 1977, a heated debate began over the topic of human cloning. Both sides were getting very involved in the argument. Suddenly a group of protestors stormed the stage. They were protesting human cloning while chanting, We shall not be cloned! During the protest the group held up a sign that said: We will create the perfect race Ââ€" Adolf Hitler (Lester and Hefley 55). The group was right in protesting, human cloning will negatively affect society. The background of human cloning goes back many years. First, people tried to just clone plants. Once that was accomplished scientist started to clone†¦show more content†¦Another benefit to being able to clone would be for spare organs. If a person were to have a bad heart then he would theoretically be able to go to the heart bank and get a replacement. While this may look like a great idea in the eyes of simple minded people, many find this as a way to just create worthless humans and farm them off for their organs. This would cause great commotion in society because the majority of our population believes that God had created man and only God can create man. People feel that if man were to start to create other humans then according to God, we will all be sent to hell for eternal damnation. The last advantage to human cloning would be that parents could choose the sex of their child. This would help in the countries where families only get one chance to have a child and that they would need a boy to work for them. Or a family of royalty would like a son to keep their familys name as the rulers of their country. This also presents a major conflict. Many poor families would choose to have male children. If all the children become men, then the female population of the world would decrease. 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An Exploratory Study of Myanmar Culture Free Essays

Hofstede originally identified four dimensions of culture: power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance. Power distance represents the degree of a culture’s acceptance of inequality among its members. Individualism and collectivism represent a culture’s main focus, being either the importance of the individual or the group. We will write a custom essay sample on An Exploratory Study of Myanmar Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Masculinity and femininity represents the stereotypical characteristics of men and women as being the dominant cultural values. Uncertainty avoidance is essentially a collective tolerance for ambiguity for a culture. Later research with Michael Bond (Hofstede Bond 1988) added a fifth dimension called long-term Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1114625 orientation. This dimension, originally called Confucian Dynamism, measures the preferences of a culture for a long-term and traditional view of time. Hofstede’s work has attracted a number of critics. Some have expressed concerns about the generalizability of the sample, the level of analysis, the comparison of political boundaries (countries) to culture, and the validity of the instrument (Mc Sweeney 2002; Smith 2002). Others have challenged the assumption of the homogeneity of each studied culture (Sivakumar Nakata 2001). The additional dimension of long-term orientation (LTO) has been challenged on the grounds of conceptual validity (Fang 2003). While many of the concerns raised by his critics can be considered to have some validity, Hofstede’s research, nevertheless, represents the most comprehensive analysis of cultural values to date. This paper provides a preliminary look into the cultural assessment of a country not included in the Hofstede data set. Myanmar is located in Southeast Asia, bordering Thailand, China, India, and Laos. The country, formerly called Burma, gained its independence from Britain at the end of World War II, after a hard fought struggle with the colonial power and the Japanese invaders. Burmese nationalist and national hero, Aung San fought for his country’s independence and for democratic rule (Khng 2000). His daughter, Nobel Peace Prize winner, Aung San Suu Kyi continues the struggle today inside Myanmar, even as she lives under house arrest. While Myanmar interacts with its ASEAN neighbors, a number of Western countries have placed economic sanctions on the country for its lack of democracy. These sanctions have limited foreign investment and other forms of economic exchange. A military junta has ruled the country for the past 17 years and the country has operated in various states of isolation from the world over those years. As a result of its isolation, very little research has been conducted on its culture or values orientation. How to cite An Exploratory Study of Myanmar Culture, Papers

Women and feminism

Introduction Feminism refers to a movement and a set of ideologies aiming at redefining, identifying, and defending the political, economic and social rights of women in society. In particular, the major role of feminists is to advocate for equal chances for women in education and employment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and feminism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory emerged from the imaginations of various women who sought to comprehend the nature of gender inequality through the understanding of social roles and various positions of individuals in society. The theory has a different interpretation and definition of gender and sex. Even though there are varieties of feminists, the major aim of all feminism is to fight for the rights of women in society. These aims include the fight for the reproductive and bodily rights of women. In this regard, women should be given freedom to make d ecisions touching on their health. Through feminism, there is a new interpretation of gender and sex. Scholars upholding this view observe that women should be given some reproductive rights, such as using contraceptives and procuring an abortion at will. In the modern society, what entails reproductive health is well documented. The world agency in charge of health (WHO) notes that couples should be given the freedom to decide on the number of children they should have (Cole, Sabik, 2010). However, people should be responsible as they make their decisions owing to the sanctity of life. Human life is special meaning that it should not be terminated at will. Apart from deciding on the number of children, couples should always determine the spacing of their children. In this regard, women should not be discriminated.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thesis Women in the United Sta tes have always encountered challenges that interfere with their individual fulfillment in society. Some have risen up to fight for their rights, but they hardly identify themselves as feminists due to the stigma associated with the term. This means that women are willing to challenge the exiting social structure, but they are aware of the resistance. Through constitutional development, women have managed to advocate for the ratification of laws that protect them from inhumane conditions, such as rape, violence and subjugation to the domain of the home. Women are currently engaged in socio-political and economic activities in the United States, it is not enough to bring about equality. Much has to be done to ensure that women enjoy their rights, just like men. Feminism employs the ideas of Marx to challenge the existing social structure since it supports one gender. Therefore, it is agreed among feminists that a social structure that oppresses a majority of its people should be reje cted. In this regard, feminists argue for a gender equality whereby the capability of an individual would be measured based on his or her strength, but not sexual qualities. Women and feminism The two concepts are closely related because one facilitates the other. Before the advent of feminism, the living conditions of women were very poor since they were perpetually pushed to the periphery, even on matters touching on their own health.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and feminism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women existed to be seen, but not to be heard since they were the properties of men. Just as men owned other properties, such as land, women were also owned in the same way. Traditional practices could not allow women to participate in some activities, such as policy formulation and wealth accumulation. Feminism shed light on the debate since it advocated for the rights of women, particul arly reproductive health. Before feminism, a woman would simply be used as a sex object since she did not have any right. Currently, sex is considered a love affair whereby two people can only do it through consent. Feminism advocated for the provision of free abortion, provision of free family planning contraceptives and methods, abolition of female genital mutilation, and forced marriage. Through legal ratifications, a woman in the modern society has full control of her reproductive health. She can decide when to have a child and when to terminate a pregnancy. This freedom is attributed to the works of feminists, who have achieved a lot regarding reproductive rights of women. The making of major decisions touching on reproduction was always the role of men, even though they are minor shareholders as far as reproduction is concerned. Women have been subjected to violence and intimidation since they are perceived as weak and helpless. Others view women as people who should depend on men for major decisions since they do not have the moral authority to participate in societal development.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World Health Organization demands that women should be given specific rights, including the right to procure an abortion, the right to use family planning methods in order to control births, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to access free reproductive education, which would inform their decisions. Feminists insist that the government should offer free education on contraceptives in order to prevent unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Any women should be protected from practices that would interfere with reproduction, such as gender-based violence, forced sterilization, and female genital mutilation. A number of states have already established stricter laws related to gender-based violence. For instance, a man should be jailed for life in case he is found forcing a woman to have sex. This is considered a violation of the woman’s reproductive right since she is expected to engage in sex with consent. Traditional practices that interfered with female reproduction are on the decline. For instance, female inheritance in simple societies is no longer accepted. The government is opposed to the issue of forced marriage. In the 1960s, there was a new wave of feminism, which was referred to as the second wave of feminism. The demands of feminists were not any different from the previous demands since the works of Mary Wollstonecraft were used as the basis of demands. Women advocated for equality in terms of social relationships whereby they demanded the existence of free love and the wearing of skirts. In the United States, a number of meetings were held to spearhead talks on the ratification of laws touching on the rights of women. Apart from previous demands, women needed equal pay in the labor industry, provision of equal education, job opportunities, free childcare services, financial empowerment, prevention of gender-based discrimination, and illegalization of inhumane actions, such as rape and violence against women. Even though not all women have similar demands, there is a consensus among feminists that male chauvinism and discrimination are the two major problems affecting women in any society. Therefore, all women aim at achieving independence. In this regard, they seem to agree on the ways in which they can realize their goals. Liberal feminism is concerned with equal rights meaning that women should be subjected to similar conditions as men. It does not seek any favors from members of society. To achieve this equality, the constitution should be reviewed to reflect the interests of all societal members. In other words, the law should be drafted to protect women from inhuman conditions. Through the law, an individual’s sex would not be used to judge his or her performance in society. From a liberal perspective, the differences between men and women are not natural, but instead they are creations of the society. The differences are the result of socialization process w hereby women are brought up knowing that they are inferior to men. Marxist feminism has a different interpretation of the relationship between men and women. It views the relationship between women and men as characterized by subordination and exploitation, which is a typical feature of the capitalistic society. Ever since the advent of private property, women have always been viewed as the property of men. In the same way the rich owns the working class, men also own women. Women are against this type of relationship in the modern society. This means that are compared to the working class (proletariat) while men are the bourgeoisie since they own everything in society. The argument that femininity results to the unsuitability of women to engage in political activities has its origin in the feminist theory. Cole and Sabik authored an article that assesses if the attractive and unattractive aspects of femininity, which match the Feminine Interpersonal Relations (interpersonal charm) and Feminine Self-Doubt (submissiveness and passivity), have impacts on the successful involvement of women in politics (Cole, Sabik, 2010). Conventionally, Feminine Interpersonal Relations were linked with higher political involvement and effectiveness when compared to Feminine Self-Doubt. The upshots are conferred with consideration to the midlife advancement of women and the femininity socialization of Black women. Identification of the function of feminine attributes, such as nurturance and compassion in political endeavors (as found in Feminine Interpersonal Relations), may promote women approving feminist convictions to engage in politics. Duncan, on the other hand, surveyed the relative significance of feminism generation and the feminist label to a group of 667 women that were marching in demand for Reproductive Rights. Weak feminists were seen to identify themselves with the feminist label, approving several attitudes and viewpoints of strong feminists with less dedication to equalitarianism. In his analysis, the feminist label was significant in elucidating the relationship of women to feminism as opposed to the generation. This aspect designates that disclosure to a group ideology could connect persons across generations. Feminists had a feeling of inferiority when they judged themselves against their male counterparts and possessed similar attitudes, such as strong qualities (Duncan, 2010). Education concerning feminism could make the feminists have a dedication to equality. Duncan evaluates the manner in which feminism associates itself with the sexual harassment, which is a great challenge facing women. Two pointers of feminism were evaluated in the study, including self-recognition and involvement in feminist activism. Two kinds of sexual molestation were gauged, which included sexual advances and gender molestation. Feminist identification signified lesser gender molestation encounters. Nevertheless, feminist-identified women accounted highest reduction in job gratification (Holland, Cortina, 2013). It was established that, feminist activism is connected to greater experiences of both types of molestation. Moreover, irrespective of feminist activism or identification, women that had experienced sexual molestation were highly likely to fix the sexual molestation tag to their encounters than women who had faced gender molestation alone. Hooks initiated a well-liked theory of feminists, which is anchored in a good sense and the perception of mutual understanding. The vision presented by Hooks is that of a beloved society that pleases everybody and is dedicated to equality (Hooks, 2000). The author underscores the fact that the most controversial and challenging concerns facing feminists in the contemporary world include encompassing violent behavior, ethnicity, work, and reproductive rights. With the use of customary awareness and candor, the author calls for feminists that are free from disruptive hindrances, but endowed with thorough discourse to join hands in fighting for their rights. Hooks reveals that feminism, instead of being perceived as an obsolete impression or one restricted to scholarly leaders, should be perceived as reality for everyone. In his contribution on the debate touching on feminism, McCabe evaluated the relationship among various variables, including feminist self-identity, political inclinations, socio-demographics and a scope of gender-associated approaches. The research was supported by information from the General Society Survey of 1996. The study found out that just 20 percent of American women identify themselves as feminists while 80 per cent of women believe that both men and women ought to be socially, politically and economically equal (McCabe, 2005). Equalitarianism is the most extensively accredited factor among women. Findings disclose that feminists can be very educated city women who are free to be liberals or Democrats. The feminist self-identity considerably associates itself with opinions concerning the effect of the movement of women on equality. The scholar recommends the significance of examining collections of attitudes concerning perfect gender conformities, evaluations, and distinguishing other forms of approach. It is unfortunate that most women in society approve feminist values, but do not identify themselves as feminists. Moradi, Martin and Brewste analyzed the initiative of women founded on the presumption of personality as a probable feature in feminist non-identification. The first study conducted by the above scholars introduced the theoretically positioned Feminist Threat Index and assesses its psychometric qualities with statistics from 91 students. The second study examined a theoretically founded intervention set to decrease the scale of feminist threat and enhance the extent of feminist identification, by permitting students to interrelate with a diverse group of feminists (Moradi, Martin, Brewster, 2012). The inter vention decreased the scale of threat and raised the extent of feminist identification considerably in the group, but there was no change in the comparison set. Several groups of individuals have reacted to feminism and both men and women either support or oppose it, with support for feminist perceptions being more common as compared to self-identification as a feminist. The involvement of male and generally everyone is encouraged by feminists. This is a plan aim at attaining the dedication of the entire society to gender equality. The findings of the above scholars present researchers and other stakeholders with adequate information that would be used in evaluating and decreasing the threat to feminist identification. Previous studies have shown that the majority of women in the US support feminist objectives, but they do not consider themselves feminists. Consideration concerning the opinions of people as regards to feminism could foretell rejection of the feminist identity. Diffe rent from this hypothesis, every woman who participated in such studies, irrespective of feminist recognition, had a conviction that other people had a negative perception towards feminists. Feminists were believed to be homosexuals as compared to being heterosexual. Ramsey, Haines, Hurt, Nelson, Turner, Liss, and Erchull, (2007) talked about connection between the perceptions of feminists and the conviction they possess as to the way other people see them. The scholars discussed the disagreement between the search for gender equality and the yearning for sexual gratification, which is a great challenge to feminists. In the second-wave, feminists were on opposite sides of a sequence of controversial discussions concerning issues, such as pornography, prostitution and heterosexuality, with some women supporting gender oppression and others backing sexual satisfaction and empowerment. The third-wave seeks to join up the principles of gender equality and sexual liberty and respects the decisions of women on the aforementioned principles (2010). Whereas this perspective is at times seen as insignificantly approving all that a woman decides to do as a feminist, Snyder-Hall affirms that the third-wave does not present an unreflective approval of selection, but a great reverence for pluralism and self-fortitude. Being a feminist is perceived as a tag, which is related to activism, convictions and other groupings. With the application of online surveys, where 220 American women took part, an article by Yoder, Tobias and Snell (2011) evaluates the distinctive and combined effect of feminist self-identification on the welfare of women, equality, and activism. Self-identity was clearly discussed as a dual affirmation of being a feminist or not, which by itself was associated with high feminist activism, as well as the effect of feminist convictions. Moreover, self-identity, contrary to feminist convictions, was not associated with personal welfare or interpersonal equali tarianism. There is thus the need for self-identity for improved feminist action. In their analysis, Zucker and Bay†Cheng (2010), focused on chauvinism, which is prevalent in the modern United States. It bears unconstructive impacts on women. Feminist approaches could safeguard women against the impacts of sexism, though there is an ideological difference between women, which interferes with feminist mindset, but snubs the identity and the self-recognized feminists. Women bear the mindset and not the identity, which seems to be self-interested and may only engage in less joint efforts in support of the rights of women. The negative depiction of feminism and feminists has made many women to believe in equality, but do not consider themselves feminists. Nevertheless, this study reveals that as individuals are exposed to self-identified feminists and discourse regarding different types of feminism, their extent of self-identification as feminists rises. In this regard, comprehens ion of whether the refusal of the feminist label is founded on fear of stigma related to the identity, neoliberal convictions, or other elucidations is significant to the people organizing for equality. The Choice of the Topic â€Å"Women and their acceptance of feminism† is chosen as the topic of the paper since a number of scholars talk about it. The paper discusses women and their acceptance of the attributes that make them female. The paper highlights that despite the fact that quite a number of women fight for gender equality, they only support feminist objectives. Surprisingly, these women fail to consider themselves as feminists. They, however, portray male characteristics of superiority in different aspects of life. Women should not only back feminist activities, but also accept their positions as women. References Cole, R., Sabik, J. (2010). Associations between femininity and women’s political behavior during midlife. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(4), 50 8-520. Duncan, E. (2010). Women’s relationship to feminism: effects of generation and feminist self†labeling. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(4), 498-507. Holland, J., Cortina, M. (2013). When sexism and feminism collide the sexual harassment of feminist working women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(2), 192-208. Hooks, B. (2000). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. Brooklyn, NY: South End Press. McCabe, J. (2005). What’s in a label? The relationship between feminist self-identification and â€Å"feminist† attitudes among US women and men. Gender Society, 19(4), 480-505. Moradi, B., Martin, A., Brewster, M. (2012). Disarming the threat to feminist identification: an application of personal construct theory to measurement and intervention. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(2), 197-209. Ramsey, R., Haines, E., Hurt, M., Nelson, A., Turner, L., Liss, M., Erchull, J. (2007). Thinking of others: Feminist identification and the perception of others’ beliefs. Sex Roles, 56(10), 611-616. Snyder-Hall, C. (2010). Third-wave feminism and the defense of â€Å"choice†. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 255-261. Yoder, D., Tobias, A., Snell, F. (2011). When declaring â€Å"I am a feminist† matters: Labeling is linked to activism. Sex Roles, 64(2), 9-18. Zucker, N., Bay†Cheng, Y. (2010). Minding the Gap Between Feminist Identity and Attitudes: The Behavioral and Ideological Divide Between Feminists and Non†Labelers. Journal of personality, 78(6), 1895-1924 This research paper on Women and feminism was written and submitted by user Fernando Zamora to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.